SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system supports and protects the Pandas body. It enables the Panda’s to move and provides calcium to the resovior. Without the skeletal system the panda body would collapse into a heap. The skeleton helps protect the Pandas tissues and internal organs such as the heart, lungs, brain and the spinal cord. The Panda share nearly the same skeletal system as a Bear but it is much thicker and smaller.
The skeletal system contains of the bones and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them. The large skull of the Panda protects its brain and eyes, the ribcage has the job of protecting heart and the lungs and the vertebra protects the spinal cord.
The skeletal system has an allowance for muscles to attach so that the body is able to move. Tendons are tough inelastic bands that have the job of holding muscles to the bones, to perform movement.
Bones has a structure of hard and compact bones on the outside. The inside layer is a spongy, honeycomb-like, this is flexible and light. The very inside is the bone marrow where new cells are constantly being made for the blood.
The Panda has a special “thumb” that is in fact an enlarged wrist bones, called the radial sesamoid. The wrist bone is a substitute for the human thumb. It enables the Panda to hold their bamboos stem with their forepaw and feed with great speed.
The jaw bone and teeth structure of the Panda is designed as a typical carnivore. The bones and teeth have adapted overtime to cope with their bamboo diet. Their teeth have a rigid surface that allows them to crush through the toughest bamboos. The skulls heavy bones structures allows for the connection of massive chewing and crushing muscles.
The skeletal system contains of four main types of cells that make up the bones. There is the OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS, OSTEOBLAST CELLS, OSTEOCLAST CELLS and the OSTEOCYTES. The osteoprogenitor cell are located in the bone marrow and periusteum. These cells mature into a another cell called osteoblast cell. The osteoblast cell is responsible for the bones structure, secreting a substance that forms into bones. The osteoclast cell is primarily responsible for dissolving bone tissues, made of white blood cells. The osteocytes is another cells that makes up the bone, however they do not secret substance, but rather surround it. They maintain the calcium levels of the body, controlling the release of calcium.
The skeletal system contains of the bones and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them. The large skull of the Panda protects its brain and eyes, the ribcage has the job of protecting heart and the lungs and the vertebra protects the spinal cord.
The skeletal system has an allowance for muscles to attach so that the body is able to move. Tendons are tough inelastic bands that have the job of holding muscles to the bones, to perform movement.
Bones has a structure of hard and compact bones on the outside. The inside layer is a spongy, honeycomb-like, this is flexible and light. The very inside is the bone marrow where new cells are constantly being made for the blood.
The Panda has a special “thumb” that is in fact an enlarged wrist bones, called the radial sesamoid. The wrist bone is a substitute for the human thumb. It enables the Panda to hold their bamboos stem with their forepaw and feed with great speed.
The jaw bone and teeth structure of the Panda is designed as a typical carnivore. The bones and teeth have adapted overtime to cope with their bamboo diet. Their teeth have a rigid surface that allows them to crush through the toughest bamboos. The skulls heavy bones structures allows for the connection of massive chewing and crushing muscles.
The skeletal system contains of four main types of cells that make up the bones. There is the OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS, OSTEOBLAST CELLS, OSTEOCLAST CELLS and the OSTEOCYTES. The osteoprogenitor cell are located in the bone marrow and periusteum. These cells mature into a another cell called osteoblast cell. The osteoblast cell is responsible for the bones structure, secreting a substance that forms into bones. The osteoclast cell is primarily responsible for dissolving bone tissues, made of white blood cells. The osteocytes is another cells that makes up the bone, however they do not secret substance, but rather surround it. They maintain the calcium levels of the body, controlling the release of calcium.
MUSCULAR
The muscular system permits the movement of the Panda, it maintains its posture and circulates blood around the body. It is controlled by the nervous system with the exception of the heart that can function autonomously. The muscular system provides the body of a Panda with strength, balance and its movements, also heat for the body at cold weathers. Pandas contain great jaw muscles that help the chew enormous amount of bamboo. Their muscles provide them great help with climbing and moving around their territory.
The organs of the muscular system are the skeletal muscles, heart muscles and smooth. The muscles are composed of specialised cells called muscle fibres, their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles that are attached to bones, internal organs or blood vessels are responsible for the movement of the Panda.
Skeletal muscles are made in two pairs the contract with each other. Both do the exact opposite of each other in order to move the bone. They are controlled by the nervous system, contracting voluntarily.
The Smooth muscles are found in the digestive system, blood vessels, and airways and for the female the uterus. These muscles are controlled by the automatic nervous system; it performs its function without instruction.
Cardiac muscle or the heart contract involuntarily. Its function of pumping blood around the body and It endures and consist.
The myocyte cell makes up the tissues of the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. It receives information from the nervous cell called, neurons via electrical or chemicals. They are connected to create a muscle allowing contraction and movement.
The organs of the muscular system are the skeletal muscles, heart muscles and smooth. The muscles are composed of specialised cells called muscle fibres, their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles that are attached to bones, internal organs or blood vessels are responsible for the movement of the Panda.
Skeletal muscles are made in two pairs the contract with each other. Both do the exact opposite of each other in order to move the bone. They are controlled by the nervous system, contracting voluntarily.
The Smooth muscles are found in the digestive system, blood vessels, and airways and for the female the uterus. These muscles are controlled by the automatic nervous system; it performs its function without instruction.
Cardiac muscle or the heart contract involuntarily. Its function of pumping blood around the body and It endures and consist.
The myocyte cell makes up the tissues of the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. It receives information from the nervous cell called, neurons via electrical or chemicals. They are connected to create a muscle allowing contraction and movement.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system allows the panda to breath. Breathing helps Pandas to get rid of toxic waste, for instance carbon dioxide. It most importantly oxygenates our body; oxygen is need by the body to perform its functions.
The respiratory system is made out of organs that help the body of a Panda to breath. One of the main organs is the lungs, trachea, bronchi and the diaphragm. Panda breathe with their lungs with the help of the diaphragm muscles. The air is inhaled through the mouth or nose then passes through the narrow bronchiole finally reaching the alveoli. The oxygen in the gas is absorbed by the red blood cell; it is delivered to other cells in the body that is in need of oxygen. Then carbon dioxide is then breathed out to clear the body from impurity.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells and Simple columnar epithelium are the two cells involved in the respiratory system. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells form a tissue and are found in the lining of the trachea, lungs and larynx. The Simple columnar epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract.
The respiratory system is made out of organs that help the body of a Panda to breath. One of the main organs is the lungs, trachea, bronchi and the diaphragm. Panda breathe with their lungs with the help of the diaphragm muscles. The air is inhaled through the mouth or nose then passes through the narrow bronchiole finally reaching the alveoli. The oxygen in the gas is absorbed by the red blood cell; it is delivered to other cells in the body that is in need of oxygen. Then carbon dioxide is then breathed out to clear the body from impurity.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells and Simple columnar epithelium are the two cells involved in the respiratory system. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells form a tissue and are found in the lining of the trachea, lungs and larynx. The Simple columnar epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system coordinates the voluntary and involuntary movement of the body of the Panda. It delivers signals to the brain and different areas of the body. For most animals this system contains of two major parts, the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
The Central Nervous system includes the Brain and the spinal cord of the Panda. The Peripheral Nervous system are made up of long nerve fibres that connect the CNS to every part of the body. The PNS carry nerves instructions from the brain to the limbs of the Panda. It controls the muscles and joints sending information to the senses and the brain. The automatic nervous system manages digesting food and temperature control. The CNS receives information from the skin, muscle and joints of the Pandas body. This system function involves the spinal cord and the brain. The spinal cord receives signals from the senses of the Panda and delivers it to the brain. The CNS uses the gathered information from the senses to help the Panda react, remember, think and plan, and then sends correct instructions to the rest of its body.
The cell of the nervous system is called the neuron cell. This cells processes and delivers information through electrical and chemical signals. The Neuron is one of the core components of the nervous system; it sends signals via a synapse, connecting with each other over neural networks. There are a variety of Neurones: Sensory neurons respond to the stimuli sending signals to the spinal cord and the brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and delivers it to the muscles and glands. Inter neurons link neurons to other neurons inside the same region of the brain and spinal cord.
The Central Nervous system includes the Brain and the spinal cord of the Panda. The Peripheral Nervous system are made up of long nerve fibres that connect the CNS to every part of the body. The PNS carry nerves instructions from the brain to the limbs of the Panda. It controls the muscles and joints sending information to the senses and the brain. The automatic nervous system manages digesting food and temperature control. The CNS receives information from the skin, muscle and joints of the Pandas body. This system function involves the spinal cord and the brain. The spinal cord receives signals from the senses of the Panda and delivers it to the brain. The CNS uses the gathered information from the senses to help the Panda react, remember, think and plan, and then sends correct instructions to the rest of its body.
The cell of the nervous system is called the neuron cell. This cells processes and delivers information through electrical and chemical signals. The Neuron is one of the core components of the nervous system; it sends signals via a synapse, connecting with each other over neural networks. There are a variety of Neurones: Sensory neurons respond to the stimuli sending signals to the spinal cord and the brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and delivers it to the muscles and glands. Inter neurons link neurons to other neurons inside the same region of the brain and spinal cord.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system allows the panda to breath. Breathing helps Pandas to get rid of toxic waste, for instance carbon dioxide. It most importantly oxygenates our body; oxygen is need by the body to perform its functions.
The respiratory system is made out of organs that help the body of a Panda to breath. One of the main organs is the lungs, trachea, bronchi and the diaphragm. Panda breathe with their lungs with the help of the diaphragm muscles. The air is inhaled through the mouth or nose then passes through the narrow bronchiole finally reaching the alveoli. The oxygen in the gas is absorbed by the red blood cell; it is delivered to other cells in the body that is in need of oxygen. Then carbon dioxide is then breathed out to clear the body from impurity.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells and Simple columnar epithelium are the two cells involved in the respiratory system. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells form a tissue and are found in the lining of the trachea, lungs and larynx. The Simple columnar epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract.
The respiratory system is made out of organs that help the body of a Panda to breath. One of the main organs is the lungs, trachea, bronchi and the diaphragm. Panda breathe with their lungs with the help of the diaphragm muscles. The air is inhaled through the mouth or nose then passes through the narrow bronchiole finally reaching the alveoli. The oxygen in the gas is absorbed by the red blood cell; it is delivered to other cells in the body that is in need of oxygen. Then carbon dioxide is then breathed out to clear the body from impurity.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells and Simple columnar epithelium are the two cells involved in the respiratory system. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial cells form a tissue and are found in the lining of the trachea, lungs and larynx. The Simple columnar epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
In order for a Panda to live it needs oxygen. The job of its circulatory system is to carry oxygenated blood around the body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to all other cells of the body and allows it to great energy and do work. The circulatory system also helps to take out the waste of the body such as carbon dioxide.
The circulatory system of the Panda is similarly structured to mammals. The main organs of its circulatory system are the heart, arteries and veins. The left hand side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood around the body, while the right pumps deoxygenated blood. The red blood cell picks up oxygen from the lungs and carries it to the heart to be pumped all around the body to give oxygen to other cells. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Coronary artery carries oxygenated blood and supplies it to the heart and the Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenate blood from the heart to the lung to be purified. The veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissue to the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical veins that carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
The Platelets are the blood cells that stop the bleeding when the Panda is cut. Platelets stick to the opening of the damaged blood vessels in order to
The circulatory system of the Panda is similarly structured to mammals. The main organs of its circulatory system are the heart, arteries and veins. The left hand side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood around the body, while the right pumps deoxygenated blood. The red blood cell picks up oxygen from the lungs and carries it to the heart to be pumped all around the body to give oxygen to other cells. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Coronary artery carries oxygenated blood and supplies it to the heart and the Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenate blood from the heart to the lung to be purified. The veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissue to the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical veins that carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
The Platelets are the blood cells that stop the bleeding when the Panda is cut. Platelets stick to the opening of the damaged blood vessels in order to
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Pandas mating season is during March and May. The gestation period ranging from 95 to 160 days. The reproductive systems organs works together on the purpose to reproduction. The external genitals (Penis and Vulva) of the reproductive system are the main organs. Male and Females reproductive system contains different types of organs.
The female has three organs, the vagina, which leads from the vulva, the virginal opening, the uterus and the ovaries. The uterus holds the foetus whilst developing, for 95 to 160 days. The ovaries produce the female’s ova.
The male reproductive organs can be grouped in three sections also. The first is the sperm production and storage, which are in the testes, household in the temperature regulating scrotum. The immature sperms are stored to the epididymis to development. The second is the ejaculatory fluid that produces glans that includes the seminal, vesicles, prostate and the vas deferens. The final section consist of the penis, urethra, vas deferens and cowper’s gland, they are for copulation and deposition of the sperm within the male.
The main cells are the sperm and the ova. A mammal sperm cell consist or a head, midpiece and a tail. Multiple sperms travel to the female ovaries to the egg (ova) cell. The ova is much large that the sperm and is not capable of movement. Often only one sperm reaches the ova cell of a panda. It will take weeks for the cells to develop inside the womb.
The female has three organs, the vagina, which leads from the vulva, the virginal opening, the uterus and the ovaries. The uterus holds the foetus whilst developing, for 95 to 160 days. The ovaries produce the female’s ova.
The male reproductive organs can be grouped in three sections also. The first is the sperm production and storage, which are in the testes, household in the temperature regulating scrotum. The immature sperms are stored to the epididymis to development. The second is the ejaculatory fluid that produces glans that includes the seminal, vesicles, prostate and the vas deferens. The final section consist of the penis, urethra, vas deferens and cowper’s gland, they are for copulation and deposition of the sperm within the male.
The main cells are the sperm and the ova. A mammal sperm cell consist or a head, midpiece and a tail. Multiple sperms travel to the female ovaries to the egg (ova) cell. The ova is much large that the sperm and is not capable of movement. Often only one sperm reaches the ova cell of a panda. It will take weeks for the cells to develop inside the womb.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory systems function is to remove waste from the body of the Panda. The system consists of many specialised structure of capillary networks that assist the excretory systems process. The main organs are the kidney and liver, there is also the bile, large intestine, skin, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder and eccrine. The kidneys filter all liquid wastes out of the bloodstream and send the waste fluid down to the ureters and to the bladder. The bladder holds these wastes, and when it gets full it is peed out of the urethra.
The Kidneys regulate the body fluid’s volume twelve times an hour removing toxins. Kidneys filters polluted urea from the blood and send it to the bladder in the form of urine. When the bladder eventually becomes full, a sensation would be felt as its way of telling the brain. It is then removed from the body through the process of urination.
The Liver performs more functions than the kidney, although but both are equally important. The Liver has more than five hundred different functions, with its main functions as a filter. The Liver also plays a main role in the digestive and the metabolism of the Panda. It produces bile that helps the digestive system to break down food. It also stores amino acid, protein and fat. Its role for the metabolism is that it stores sugar in the form of glycogen. When the body is in need of energy these glycogens are released for the bodies use. The liver also supplies red blood cells.
There are four distinctive cell in the excretory system the pore cell, duct cell, canal cell (excretory cell) and gland cell. These cells work and connect together to make the organs of the excretory system. The excretory cell collects fluids and empties them outside via excretory duct and pore. The gland cells are connected to the duct and pore and they secret from large membrane-bound vesicles.
The Kidneys regulate the body fluid’s volume twelve times an hour removing toxins. Kidneys filters polluted urea from the blood and send it to the bladder in the form of urine. When the bladder eventually becomes full, a sensation would be felt as its way of telling the brain. It is then removed from the body through the process of urination.
The Liver performs more functions than the kidney, although but both are equally important. The Liver has more than five hundred different functions, with its main functions as a filter. The Liver also plays a main role in the digestive and the metabolism of the Panda. It produces bile that helps the digestive system to break down food. It also stores amino acid, protein and fat. Its role for the metabolism is that it stores sugar in the form of glycogen. When the body is in need of energy these glycogens are released for the bodies use. The liver also supplies red blood cells.
There are four distinctive cell in the excretory system the pore cell, duct cell, canal cell (excretory cell) and gland cell. These cells work and connect together to make the organs of the excretory system. The excretory cell collects fluids and empties them outside via excretory duct and pore. The gland cells are connected to the duct and pore and they secret from large membrane-bound vesicles.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A panda’s diet contains of mainly bamboo, which is an herbivore food but a Panda is in fact a Carnivour. Therefor their digestive system is not made to take nutrition’s from plants such as bamboos, but meat. Thus it derives very little energy and protein from its consumption of bamboo. The digestive system of a Panda is made up of bundled organs to help break down and absorb nutrition from its food and convert them to energy for the bodies use.
These organs are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. Inside the mouth, stomach and small intestine contain linings that is called the mucosa. Mucosa contains tiny glands that produces juices to help digest the food. The digestive tract has a layer of smooth muscle which helps break down and move food along the tract.
When food is eaten by the Panda it is first chewed in the mouth, with saliva enzymes that start the digestion converting food into the nutritious paste. Once swallowed it enters the stomach, in which acid starts to decompose the food to extract vitamins and nutrients. Blood then enters the stomach area to gather the nutrients and distribute them to the body.
The small intestine is made up of three segments the duodenum, the jejunum and ileum. It breaks down food using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The duodenum is responsible for breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum responsible for absorbing nutrient to the bloodstream.
The gallbladder stores and controls the bile, and then releasing it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
The large intestine also known as colon is the muscular tube organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient. Waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form.
The liver and the Pancreas produce digestive juices that reach the through small tubes called ducts. The liver stores theses juices until they are needed. The excretory, muscular, circulatory and nervous system plays major roles in the digestive system.
Another organ is the rectum, it connects the colon to the anus. It holds the waste, until evacuation. The brain decides if the contents can be released or not, if they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents.
The anus is the last organ in the digestive system, a two inch long canal build of muscle that controls the exit of the waste. It detects the rectums contents and releases waste when it’s ready.
Pancreatic cells produce digestive enzymes that are capable of digesting proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other molecules.
These organs are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. Inside the mouth, stomach and small intestine contain linings that is called the mucosa. Mucosa contains tiny glands that produces juices to help digest the food. The digestive tract has a layer of smooth muscle which helps break down and move food along the tract.
When food is eaten by the Panda it is first chewed in the mouth, with saliva enzymes that start the digestion converting food into the nutritious paste. Once swallowed it enters the stomach, in which acid starts to decompose the food to extract vitamins and nutrients. Blood then enters the stomach area to gather the nutrients and distribute them to the body.
The small intestine is made up of three segments the duodenum, the jejunum and ileum. It breaks down food using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The duodenum is responsible for breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum responsible for absorbing nutrient to the bloodstream.
The gallbladder stores and controls the bile, and then releasing it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
The large intestine also known as colon is the muscular tube organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient. Waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form.
The liver and the Pancreas produce digestive juices that reach the through small tubes called ducts. The liver stores theses juices until they are needed. The excretory, muscular, circulatory and nervous system plays major roles in the digestive system.
Another organ is the rectum, it connects the colon to the anus. It holds the waste, until evacuation. The brain decides if the contents can be released or not, if they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents.
The anus is the last organ in the digestive system, a two inch long canal build of muscle that controls the exit of the waste. It detects the rectums contents and releases waste when it’s ready.
Pancreatic cells produce digestive enzymes that are capable of digesting proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other molecules.